时间:2023-06-02 16:16:41 来源: 人气:
最近做cache lab 用到了getopt函数, 用man 3 getopt查看了下用法, 做个总结., 描述:getopt函数是用来解析命令行参数的, 以‘-’或‘--’开头的参数为选项元素,除去‘-’或‘--’的选项元素, 为选项字符。如果getopt函数被重复调用,则它将会依次返回每个选项元素中的选项字符。, 使用getopt函数需要包含以下头文件:, #include, #include, 有几个全局变量与getopt函数解析参数有关:, optind: int型, 指示下一个要解析的参数位置,初始时为1., optarg: char *, 必须接参数的选项元素的参数, 如上面的-nxzz, optarg 就指向"xzz"字符串., opterr: int 型, 设为0将不打印错误信息., 函数原型为: int getopt(int argc, char * const argv[], const char *optstring);, 参数说明: 前两个参数与main函数参数相同, argc保存参数个数,argv[]保存参数数组,第三个参数optstring是你定义, 的选项字符组成的字符串, 如"abc",表示该命令有三个选项元素 -a, -b, -c, 选项字符后面如果有一个冒号说, 明该选项元素一定有一个参数, 且该参数保存在optarg中, 如"n:t",, 表示选项元素n后要接参数, 选项元素t后, 不接参数,如 -n xzz -t 或 -nxzz t,有两个冒号说明该选项可接可选参数, 但可选参数不保存在optarg中., 返回值: 如果当前处理的参数为选项元素,且该选项字符在optstring字符串中, 即为你定义的选项, 则返回该, 选项字符,如果该选项字符不是你定义的, 那么返回字符?, 并更新全局变量optind, 指向argc数组中的下一, 个参数. 如果当前处理的参数不是选项元素, 则optind偏移向下一个参数, 直到找到第一个选项元素为止, 然后, 再按之前描述的操作,如果找不到选项元素, 说明解析结束, 则返回-1., 下面看例子:, #include, #include, int main(int argc, char * const argv[]), {, int opt;, while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "nb:o::t")) != -1) {, printf("opt = %c, optarg = %s, optind = %d, argv[%d] = %sn",, opt, optarg, optind, optind, argv[optind]);, }, return 0;, }, 假设编译好的可执行文件名为test, test有3个有效参数-n, -b, -t, 其中-n, -t后不接参数, -b后一定要接参数, -o后接可选参数., # ./test -x -y -z <------ 无效参数, 会打印错误信息, 并返回字符?, 输出:, ./getopt: invalid option -- x, opt = ?, optarg = (null), optind = 2, argv[2] = -y, ./getopt: invalid option -- y, opt = ?, optarg = (null), optind = 3, argv[3] = -z, ./getopt: invalid option -- z, opt = ?, optarg = (null), optind = 4, argv[4] = (null), # ./test -n -b xzz -t, opt = n, optarg = (null), optind = 2, argv[2] = -b, opt = b, optarg = xzz, optind = 4, argv[4] = -t <----------- optarg 指向选项元素的参数, 并且optind跳过了该参数, 直接指向了-t参数, opt = t, optarg = (null), optind = 5, argv[5] = (null), # ./test -n -bxzz -t <------------- 也可将选项参数与其接的参数写在一起, opt = n, optarg = (null), optind = 2, argv[2] = -bxzz, opt = b, optarg = xzz, optind = 3, argv[3] = -t <----------- optind 同样将指向下一个参数-t, opt = t, optarg = (null), optind = 4, argv[4] = (null), # ./test -b -t, opt = b, optarg = -t, optind = 3, argv[3] = (null) <----------- 将-t当成了选项元素-b的参数, 之后就不再解析-t, optind为3, # ./test -t -b <---- -b缺少参数, opt = t, optarg = (null), optind = 2, argv[2] = -b, ./getopt: option requires an argument -- b, opt = ?, optarg = (null), optind = 3, argv[3] = (null), # ./test -t a -b xzz <------- 命令行中有一个无用参数 a, 解析时被忽略了, 因为-t不需要接参数, opt = t, optarg = (null), optind = 2, argv[2] = a, opt = b, optarg = xzz, optind = 5, argv[5] = (null), # ./test -ntb xzz <--------- 还可以把参数连在一起写, opt = n, optarg = (null), optind = 1, argv[1] = -ntb, opt = t, optarg = (null), optind = 1, argv[1] = -ntb, opt = b, optarg = xzz, optind = 3, argv[3] = (null), # ./test -t -o -b xzz <----- -o选项不接参数, opt = t, optarg = (null), optind = 2, argv[2] = -o, opt = o, optarg = (null), optind = 3, argv[3] = -b, opt = b, optarg = xzz, optind = 5, argv[5] = (null), # ./test -t -o 10 -b xzz <------ -o选项接参数10, opt = t, optarg = (null), optind = 2, argv[2] = -o, opt = o, optarg = (null), optind = 3, argv[3] = 10 <------------------ 可以看到10并没有保存在optarg中, opt = b, optarg = xzz, optind = 6, argv[6] = (null) <----------------- 而-b的参数则保存在optarg中了, 常用用法:, 一般是用while循环配合switch语句来使用getopt函数解析参数, 如下:, /*, * 得到参数信息, */, int getinfo(int argc, char * const argv[], int *ps, int *pE, int *pb, char *trace_name, int *vflag), {, int opt;, int count_arg = 0;, opterr = 0;, while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "vs:E:b:t:")) != -1) {, switch (opt) {, case v:, *vflag = 1;, break;, case s:, ++count_arg;, *ps = atoi(optarg);, break;, case E:, ++count_arg;, *pE = atoi(optarg);, break;, case b:, ++count_arg;, *pb = atoi(optarg);, break;, case t:, ++count_arg;, strcpy(trace_name, optarg);, break;, default: /* ? */, Usage();, exit(-1);, break;, }, }, if (count_arg < 4) {, Usage();, exit(-1);, }, return 0;, },